Inequality in Effect: Describing Black-White Heterogeneity in the Health-Protective Effects of Higher EducationCopy at: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/5tqe4
Extensive literature documents Black-White disparities in the association among education and health. As informative as this work has been, there is room for additional analysis on the matter. Prior research has often only compared subpopulations along unidimensional, central tendency measures. While characterizing groups with averages provides a general understanding of how race, education, and health intersect, only doing so obscures breadth that exist within racial-groups, as well as alternative dimensions of the education health-relationship along which racial groups might differ. To help develop foundations about the interaction among race, education, and health in the US, I compare Blacks and Whites in terms of the effect that attaining a college degree has on self-rated health. In addition to describing racial differences in average effects, I compare: (1) how variable the health-returns to a college degree are within both groups, and (2) which members of each group experience the greatest health-benefits from completing a college degree. I use feature rich data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and an adaptation of Bayesian Additive Regression Trees in this endeavor. Results show that between racial-group inequality in educational gradients is complex and exist along multiple dimensions. |
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Inequality in Process: Racial Heterogeneity in the Process Linking Educational Attainment to HealthCopy at: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/t3zyv/
Though education is a salient social determinant among Blacks and among Whites in the US, Whites appear to benefit more from additional schooling than do Blacks. While many studies have documented this disparity, few have attempted to unpack the black box, and describe the processes that give rise to these disparate outcomes. To make progress in understanding this inequality, I examine how a potentially key mechanism of the education-health relationship---income---differs in how it propagates educational gradients among Blacks and Whites. I use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 8,926) and sequential g-estimation, to model how a college degree's effect on health status depends on income among Blacks and among Whites. I find that income varies, markedly, across groups in how it participates as a mechanism of education's health effect, and that this differential behavior helps clarify why racial disparities exist in education's health effect. |
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The Consequences of Contact with the Criminal Justice System For Health in Emerging Adulthood
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Beholding Inequality: Race, Gender, Physical Attractiveness, and Socioeconomic Status in the United States
Bringing theoretical insights from intersectionality and social cognition to bear on how the body relates to social inequality, this study uses nationally-representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to examine how race, gender, and physical attractiveness intersect to affect earnings in the US. We build upon existing research on "beauty" premia by (instead of solely using race/ethnicity and gender as "controls") directly examining whether “beauty” is more or less consequential for earnings among certain race/gender group combinations. In so doing, the present study is situated to make compelling contributions to ethnoracial, gender, bodily inequalities, while providing needed empirical bases for ongoing theoretical elaborations of theories of intersectionality. Preliminary results suggest that the association among physical attractiveness and income does indeed vary by race/ethnicity and gender, with African-American women experiencing the strongest earning penalties for not being assessed as attractive.
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Estimating the risk of police-involved death by race and place
Violent interactions with the police are, especially for people of color, a persistent feature of American social life. In this paper, we add to the collective project of explicating racial-disparities in police-involved mortality (i.e., deaths, of civilians, resulting from interactions with law-enforcement) by examining how place factors into this social phenomenon. To provide estimates of how geography and race interact to produce variable risks of police-involved deaths, we utilize non-traditional, crowd-sourced data (i.e., Fatal Encounters)--which explicitly address several shortcomings of federal efforts to document deaths involving police—as well as a methodological approach that allows for predictive precision on relatively sparse events (i.e., Bayesian, multilevel models, with weakly informative priors).Our results suggest that race and place may interact in important ways to generate risks of mortality due to police-involved deaths.
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Interpersonal discrimination has been studied widely in relation to health as it is hypothesized to be an important mechanism by which racial inequities in health are maintained. However, the exact role of interpersonal discrimination here is not clear: differences in levels of reports of discrimination vary by dataset and are often not different between Whites and persons of color, and the relation between discrimination and health is often shown to consistent across racial groups. It is likely that this lack of clarity in the role of interpersonal discrimination in racial health inequities, including that racial variation exists in what latent construct(s) manifest discrimination maps onto. To establish a comprehensive foundation for the study of discrimination and health (both going forward and for the interpretation of previous studies), we examine who tends to report different types of discrimination and how the items in the discrimination measures hang with items of other major and potentially related psychosocial factors.
Interracial Couples and the Association Among Marriage and Health
with: Ryan Gabriel
In this paper, we utilize almost a quarter-century of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the heterogeneity in the association among marriage and health across interracial and monoracial couples in the U.S. We hypothesize that variation in the health returns to marriage aligns with broader patterns of racial stratification. In particular, due to variation in exposure to discrimination-produced stress, individuals paired in more racially stigmatized marriages experience fewer health benefits from marriage than do equivalent individuals who are coupled in less racially stigmatized unions. We compare, specifically, the association between marriage and self-rated health for women and men involved in interracial marriages to the strength of said association for individuals in monoracial marriages. Preliminary results reveal that individuals married to Black partners experience weaker health returns to marriage than any other group (with individuals partnered in Black-White marriages benefiting the least).
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In the United States, race is a consistent predictor of health status. However, race as a concept has no meaningful biological validity. Instead, race is a sociopolitical construct used to classify human variation and justify the exploitation of groups defined as inferior based on external appraisals of arbitrary physical characteristics. At the macro-level, the results of these external racial appraisals expose individuals to various risk factors that affect health outcomes. While racial self-identification is commonly used in social surveys and analyses, recent scholarship has called for more attention to external appraisals of race in health research. Focusing on various health outcomes, our analysis introduces the concept of "interviewer-recorded" race to detemine if external evaluations of race matter above and beyond self-identified racial classifications. We find support for the use of this construct in health research, showing that external appraisals of race produce differing health profiles within self-identified racial groups.